Chicago notes highlight depression-era numismatics
Chicago is featured
prominently in a display at the Edward
C. Rochette Money Museum’s “History of Money”
exhibit exploring United States Great Depression-era scrip and President
Franklin Roosevelt’s “Bank Holiday” of 1933. The display includes several items
produced in Chicago as the city struggled to pull out of economic disaster
while hosting its second World’s Fair.
Between 1930 and 1932, more than 5,000 banks in the
United States closed as the Great Depression worsened and people withdrew their
savings. Franklin Roosevelt was elected President in November 1932 and a key element
of his economic reform program was a “Bank Holiday,” which he announced at 1
a.m. on March 6, 1933 – just 36 hours after he took office. His declaration
suspended all banking transactions across the nation, allowing the federal
government to ensure there was enough currency available for those banks that
were in good financial condition (which would quickly reopen), and to
reorganize or permanently close banks that were not.
The Bank Holiday proved effective in building
confidence in the U.S. banking system. The Emergency Banking Act was enforced
on March 9, with the twelve Federal Reserve Banks reopening on March 13. On
March 15 banks deemed solid by the government reopened accounting for 90
percent of the nation’s banking resources and deposits were exceeding withdrawals.
The Bank Holiday and the Great Depression resulted
in a mass issue of merchant and municipal scrip, especially in rural areas
where banks were closed for a longer period. The materials used included
fish skin, clam shells, cardboard, plywood and even rubber. It was
put into circulation by state governments, school districts, merchants,
chambers of commerce, cooperatives and individuals.
Clearing houses provided a viable monetary
alternative during the Panics of 1893, 1904 and 1914, and continued to issue
scrip during the Great Depression. The museum’s display includes a $20
certificate issued by the Chicago Clearing House and dated March 8, 1933. Produced
by the American Banknote Company, the canceled certificate states: “Securities Having Been Deposited with the
Clearing House Committee of the Chicago Clearing House Association, this certificate will be accepted by member
banks of said Association for TWENTY DOLLARS.”
At the height of the depression, Chicago hosted the
1933 Century of Progress International Exhibition, a world’s fair celebrating
the city’s centennial. The museum showcases scrip created for this event,
including a marketing idea in the form of an Official Chicago World’s Fair
Certificate. The certificate is good from June 1 through December 5, 1933 for
one cent; they were also produced in 5 and 25 cents. They were distributed by
merchants as a premium with sales for use at the exhibition and for hotels,
entertainment and transportation throughout the city. Also on display is a
scrip certificate good for $1.00 at the exposition’s “Days of ‘49” display
chronicling the California Gold Rush.
Numismatists released a great deal of
Depression-era scrip, including Chicago dealer and Chicago Coin Club member
Rollo E. Gilmore, owner of the Koin-X-Change shop on South Dearborn Street. The
museum’s scrip piece is good for one nickel of U.S. currency and is made of
wood. The ANA held its 1933 annual convention in Chicago at the Congress Hotel, and Mr. Rollo
conducted an auction in conjunction with the show.
Click on the images below for an enhanced view.
Suggested Reading
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Standard Catalog of Depression Scrip of the United States; the 1930s Including Canada and Mexico by Ralph A. Mitchell and Neil Shafer. |
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Here Today and Gone Tomorrow, the Story of World’s Fairs and Expositions by Suzanne Hilton. |
